In the heart of Silk Road

Uzbekistan 2022

Why Uzbekistan?

Experienced travelers know the magic of central Asia very well. But many others were asking me: why Uzbekistan and which “stan” it actually is? My dream to visit these lands is anchored at a romantic idea about caravans crossing the continents and spreading not only silk and spices, but also knowledge and awareness about other cultures. After one of my multiple business trips to China, I have visited Xinjiang in summer 2019. And yes, there are many things there going on that are not ok regarding suppression of the Uyghur culture – but behind that I could still see and smell what I have been looking for. As my eyes saw the tiled Afaq Khoja Mausoleum in Kashgar, I knew that another central Asian trip is not so far away. And Uzbekistan is in the heart of all of it, with its jewels as Samarkand and Bukhara. You are right, many years of Soviet times destroyed not only the Aral Sea – but thousands of years of history can’t be eliminated. This area went through all kinds of changes and troubles and the population of mixed ethnicities is strong and until now, in every corner I found what I was looking for – complex history with traces of neolithic petroglyphs, Alexander the Great, Djingiskhan, introduction of Islam, Soviet times, and new independent Uzbekistan. Smells of spices, tea, plov, dried fruits, roasted meat, and flat bread. Mixture of religions including ancient Buddhism. Camels with long hair ready to stand hot and cold weather. Deserts, steppe, plateaus, salt lakes. Nights under the stars in a yurt. Architecture and colorful tiles. Long drives. Carpets. Silk. Trade. Knives. Ceramic. And importantly - extremely nice local people, as I could witness in many conversations with locals in my shabby Russian. And since this country needs to boom its tourism, let me add that it is safe, you get top service for very good price and you will come home with memories that you will never forget.

Inside of the Ulugh Beg Madrasah in Registan square.

In front of the Tilya-Kori Madrasah in Registan square.

My recommended guides and travel agencies

I prepared this special page about the guides and agenices I can reccommend. There are many and I dedicated a lot of time to prepare my itinerary and to get the best quality for the best prize. There are several big ones with detailed online itineraries and might be even good. But it is hard to discuss with them details of each day’s programm - for me an important part. Instead I opted for smaller local agencies that provided excellent service and I could decide at each place what I want to do. But make sure to leave some days without a guide too, like that you can absorb the atmosphere alone and interact with locals alone.

Practical tips

Get a local SIM card - it is cheap and apart completely isolated locations it works perfectly well. Book hotels yourself, here you can find list of my hotels . I was changing hotels even when staying at the same place few nights - the choice is big. As a rule of thumb, I recommend smaller and often cheaper hotels (like 20-30 USD per nigh) - they have exrtraordinary traditional decorations and warm welcome. You can contact hotels before your travel and they are often very helpful with arranging guides etc. For local transportation you have several options… Uzbek Airlines provides very cheap local flights, but they get often changed and you might not be notified (as it happened to me). Renting a car with a driver is a great option - roads are not always the best and the drivers know the area. Guides mostly do not drive themselves. This service has a very good price even for long distance drives. Uzbekistan is rich in gas and most of the cars use it. For my Termez to Tashkent 700 km overnight drive (yeah, this is this cancelled flight story…) I paid about 60 USD and the driver brought me even a big pillow to be able to sleep on the back seats. There are also fast trains but I did not use them… the countryside itself is so rich, that I preferred to be able to stop along the way. But train is an excellent option if you want to see mostly cities. Take with you USD in cash if you can, they are accepted almoste everywhere - Euros not so much. But many hotels and shops now accept also the credit cards. ATMs are also easy to find to take out local Soms with which you get quickly millionairs - they are however useful for paying smaller amounts.

4600 km tracked with mapy.cz - much better than google maps!

You can download offline maps that are very detailed and easy to understand.

Navigaton does not work well, but a good map is often enough, especially when you walk or even drive in a remote area. Landmarks, viewpoints and smallest trails are all there!

Fergana valley (day 1 - 2)

April 9: Arrival in Tashkent - Kokand - Rishdan – Margilan

April 20: Margilan –  Chust – Tashkent

Uzbekistan’s famous flat bread and the clay oven where it is prepared. Around Kamchik pass you can find many places preparing this delicasy.

Entrance door to Dakhma- i-Shokhon (Grave of Kings) in Kokand, where is the tomb of Muhammad Umar Khan, who ruled Kokand from 1810 to 1822 and other family members.

Kumtepa Sunday Bazaar in Margilan is a place packed with smiles and traditions. This asked to pose for a photo and we both had fun - thanks man!

Two day trip by car from Tashkent over Kamchik pass to Fergana valley. with visit to overnight in Marghilan. International flights are landing after midnight and it was possible to start the 4-5 hours trip already at 3AM. Two days in this remote and less visited area where the highlight are local people and their crafts. Second day return to Tashkent at night, overnight close to the airport.

In 1871, Khudoyar Khan built this grand palace in Kokand. The majestic complex was the seventh khan's palace, and according to the khan's idea, it was supposed to surpass the previous palaces in its size and magnificent decoration, to remind of the power of the Kokand ruler.

Jami (Friday) mosque of Kokand built in the 19th century. The roof of vast aivan is supported with 98 wooden carved columns. The ceilings are beatifully decorated.

Yodgorlik Silk factory in Margilan is a unique place where the Ikat silk patterns are still made in a traditional way. The thread of 1 coccon can be up to 900 m long and is extremly thin but very strong.

Aral Sea with 4 x 4 (day 3 - 5)

April 11: Nukus - Muynak  - Canyons of Ustyurt plateau - Aral Sea

April 12: Aral sea and Ustyurt plateau

April 13: Kurgancha-kala (caravanaserai) - Kubla-Ustyurt village - Sudochye lake and Urga - Mizdakhan Necropolis

Contrasting colours of the Aral sea area viewed from the Ustyurt plateau shortly before sunset.

Ustyurt plateau can surprize you with such magnificent shapes and colours.

6AM flight from Tashkent to Nukus. from where I start a co-shared trip with one 4x4 car to the Aral sea with 2 nights at the yurt camp. Ecological disaster of lost water due to extensive irrigation of the cotton fields during Soviet times, but also spectacular views, Ustyurt plateau, geology, history, ships’ cemetery in Muynak, salt planes, nomad cemeteries and of course a dip in the super salty and super cold waters of the remnants of the Aral Sea. On arrival to back to Nukus, we visit historical Mizdakhan.

Ship cemetery at Muynak - once an important fishing town, now a deserted memento with a museum wort

Sunrise above the yurt camp at the shores of the Aral sea.

Nukus and Shimbay (day 6)

April 14: Nukus - capital of the Karakakpak autonomous region and Shimbay: Savitsky museum in Nukus and an afternoon spent in Shimbay, visiting the famous yurt workshop and a local family, teaching me how to cook their specialities. Then one hour drive back to Nukus via the 19th century Ishan-Kala of Khalkabad, where Islam was tought.

I spent an afternoon with this local family in a remote area out of Shimbay in order to learn about their lifes and traditions

“The Bull,” by Vladimir Lysenko is a part of the Savitsky Collection at Nukus Museum of Art i founded by Igor Savitsky.

Top parts of yurts at the yurt workshop in Shimbay. It is well known in central Asia for their high level of craftsmenship.

Khorezm fortresses “kalas” (day 7)

April 15: Khorezm was an independent kingdom from the 4th century BC to the 1st AD. There are about 50 fortesses sprinkled around this dry and hot region that made possible to preserve this mud-based treasures. Some of them are included in the tenatitve list of the UNESCO world heritage. I have visited 7 fortresses along the way from Nukus to Khiva: Chilpek, Gyaur-Kala (The Fortress of infidels), Jampik Kala (Irregular fortress), Kyzyl Kala (red fortress), previous capital from the 3d century AD Toprak Kala, Ayaz Kala, and the fortress of the 40 girls Big Kirkkiz Kala. A strenous super full day of extraordinary history. I was picked up at 6AM from Nukus and arrived at sunset to Bukhara.

Khiva - UNESCO World Heritage site (day 8)

April 16: the city of Khiva was established circa 1500 years ago and playes a role of a caital city throughout the history (of is the former capital of Khorezm, Khanate of Khiva and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic. Khiva was the first site of Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List in 1991. I spent the whole day in the old city Itchan-Kala: do not plan less and if you can, do plan more. It is a pure magic to be there and you will feel as in a fairytale. I spent some hours with a guide to learn facts and afternoon and evening alone to absorb the atmosphere.

Do not miss the sunset and watch the the city to be lit up from Kuhna Ark Watchtower at the city walls that you can reach from inside of the Kunya Ark Citdadel. On the left you can see the 57 m high minaret of the Islam Khodja madrasa, that is the tallest in Uzbekistan. The unfished Kalta Minor minaret stands in front of Mukhammad Amin Khan Madrasah, inside of which is located the Orient Star Hotel. The iwan (room opened from 1 side) with blue and white tile work is a part of the palace of the Kunya Ark Cirtadel.

The first thing in the morning was to vist the hall of the Juma (Friday) Mosque holding 218 wooden pillars.

The area around the Islam Khodja minaret is rich in the dome like architecture with the intense colours of turquoise, blue and green.

Khiva to Bukhara by car (day 9)

April 17: It takes practically the whole day to drive 450 km from Khiva to Bukhara. Still, it was my preferred choice since there is no fast option and with a car you can stop along the way. And if you leave early, you can enjoy a relaxing evening in Bukhara - including a dance spectacle or experience in historical hammam Bosori Kord. I managed both!

Qalajiq Kala is about 10 km off the main road, located next to a salt lake and a touristic resort.

A good part of the road leads through the Kyzylkum desert, where spotting wild horses is not such a rare thing. We did see them!

Along the road we stop at an lively animal market with sheeps, goats and cows.

Near the city Gazoljak you almost touch the border with Turkmenistan, that follows Amudarya river. Along the road are many small restaurants where you can get fresh (read - still alive) fish that can be deep fried for your in an instant. Extremly tasty!

Bukhara (days 10 and 11)

Two days and three nights is a minimum time that I reccommend to spend in this jewel. Enjoy historical sites, great food, hammams, and the best shopping !

April 18: I spend the day exploring the city by myself on foot. Chor Minor, Lyabi Hauz square around the pond and its historical buildings, trading domes, Po-i-Kalyan complex, Ulugh Beg and Abdulazziz Khan Madrassas, Arch of Bukhara, Bolo Hauz, Samanid Mauseoleum.

April 19: The second day I took a guide with a driver to easily reach sights outside of the city center. Bakhoutdin Naqshbandi Mausoleum, Sitorai-Mokhikhosa a summer residence of Bukhara’s last emir, UNESCO World Heritage Site Chor-Bakr Necropolis from 16th century, and historical house Fayzulla Khodjaev. I finish the day with shopping and last night photos of the old city.

Po-i-Kalyan complex is the historic jewel and icon of Bukhara. The 46 m tall Kalyan Minaret is from 1127 and was not restored. On the right is the 16th centrity Kalyan Mosque. The small cupola is a part of Amir_Allimkhan Madrasah. On the left is still functioning Mir-i-Arab Madrasah.

Bolo Hauz Mosque  was built in 1712 as a Friday mosque that the emir of Bukhara himself visited for Friday prayers. It has impressive wooden carved pillars, colorful ceiling and muqarnas. As evening falls, it is illuminated and reflecting in the pond at its foot.

Sitorai-Mokhikhosa a summer residence of the last emir, inspired by the St. Petersburg architecture.

The city existed here for about 2,5 millenia and served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The mother tongue of the majority of people of Bukhara is Tajik, orginitaing from Farsi, Persian language (note: Uzbek language belong to the group of Turkic languages). Bukhara was capital of the Samanid Empire a good thousands years ago, of the Khanate Empire in the 16th century and of Emirate of Bukhara until 1920. Imam al-Bukhari who compiled the hadith collection known as Sahih al-Bukhari, regarded by Sunni Muslims as the most authentic was born here in 810. Its historic center is listed under UNESCO as World Heritage Site.

Chor Minor from early 19th century has particular arcitecture with four minarets representing four different religions practiced in Central Asia : Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism. You can climb to the roof too.

In high season, there are daily evening spectacles at the Nadir Divan-Begi Madrasah - live music, dances, and tradition-isnpired fashion.

Arch of Bukhara is a massive fortress built in the 5th century AD and the oldest structure in the city. It remained the residence of Bukhara’s emirs for centuries before falling to Russia in 1920. Today it houses several museums.

Stunning decortaion in the Sitorai-Mokhikhosa palace.

Sarmysh Gorge, Aydarkul lake, Kyzylkum desert, and Dara Valley (days 12 and 13)

April 20: 7AM pick up from the hotel in Bukhara. On the way we stop at Rabat Malik Caravanserai and cistern right in from of it. Quick visit of Navoiy town where we pick up my guide. We continue to Sarmysh-say gorge to marvel on thousands years old petroglyphs. In Nurata we visit Alexander the Great’s fortress ruins and the holy spring. And then drive through the Kyzylkum desert and Aydarkul lake.

April 21: Morning visit of Dungalak village among the sand dunes. Then a drive to Dara Vallye with spectacular volcanic rock formation and afternoon arrival to Samarkand.

Kyzulkum Safari Yurt Camp in a short distance from the Aydarkul lake. You can enjoy also a short camel ride at the sunset time.

Dara Valley is a devation along the drive to Samarkand. It is a beatiful valley with specatcular formations of volcanic rock. I wish I had more time for at least a short walk.

Sarmysh-say gorge can be visited as a deviation between Navoiy and Nurata. If you like history, plan it. Petroglyphs in the hard basalic rocks are stunning.

At the shores of the Aydarkul lake sand dunes touch the water.

We stopped several times as driving on the road cutting Kyzylkum desert to observe joyful behaviour of the wild horses.

Samarkand (day 13, 14, and 15)

Samarkand is among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia (probably founded in the 8th century BC) and at times one of the largest cities in this area. As in Bukhara, locals are Persian-speakers of Tajik ethnicity. UNESCO added the city to its Wrold Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.

April 21: I used the evening for a night visit of Registan square, and climb to one of the minarets of the Ulugh Beg Madrasah. Do not limit yourself to watching of Registan from a viewing platform and pay the entrance.

April 22: I returned to Registan square and took a guide for a shorter visit. Then by myself I visted Siab basaar and adjacent gigantic Bibi-Khanum mosque. Hazrat Khizr Mosque has the oldest origins but the most recent look after restorations. Adjacent President Tomb is the resting place of the first president of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov. Walk to splendid Shah-i-Zinda sacred necropolis. Taxi ride to see the performance of El Merosi.

April 23: I took a guide to the Samarkand outskirts including Gur-e-Amir, Ulugh Bek Observatory, Tomb of Saint Daniel, and Afrasiab museum and adjacent mould. Then flush it down with local beer and visit in Enology Museum and Khavrenko winery.

Shah-i-Zinda is a sacred necropolis that was in use between 11th and 19th centuries. It is famuos for the extraordinary blue tile work. Many tombs date back to the 14th-century Timurid Empire. Extensive restoration took place in 2005, so a lot of the mosaic tilework you see there today is not original.

Gulided interior of the Gur-e-Amir, what means “Tomb of the King” in Persian, where are resting the remains of the Turco-Mongol emperror Amir Timur (died in 1405) and of his two sons, his grandchildren, and his spiritual mentor. He was one of the greatest military leaders and grounded the period of Timurid Rennaissance.

Bibi-Khanum mosque is one of the biggest mosques in the Islamic world. It was completed in 1404 and severly damaged in earthquake of 1897, but later on restored. Entering thourgh this 35 m heigh portal you do realize how huge is the whole building.

Night view of the Registan square, the heart of Samarkand. In front Tilya-Kori Madrasah built between 1646–1660 famous for the ceiling made of intricate gold mosaics. Ulugh Beg Madrasah (left) was built between 1417–1420 during the Timurid Empire. Sher-Dor Madrasah (right), built between 1619 –1636 by the Shaybanids is famous for the tiger mosaic.

Detail of the Afrasiab Murals also called the Paintings of the Ambassadors, depcting funeral procession led by King Varkhuman, in honour of his predecessor Shishpir. Dating from 650 AD, it was discovered in 1965 in the middle of Afrasiab mound. This is an old site of pre-Mongolian Samarkand that flourished from 500 BC to 1220 AD under the rule of the Sogdians, Iranian civilization that mastered the Silk Road trade. It is now preserved in the central room of the Afrasiyab museum.

Lower part of the huge sextant that was placed inside the 3 story building of the Ulugh Bek Observatory that was completed in 1428. With its help Mirza Ulugh Bek measured duration of year down to the seconds precision and created a catalog of nearly 1000 stars.

Exceptional wine/cognac tasting in Khavrenko winery.

Sneaking in a private spectacle of El Merosi.

Shahrisabz (day 16)

April 24: Shahrisabz is known as a bitrhplace of Amir Timur in 1370. Thanks to several impressive monuments from the Timurid Dynasty the city was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

It is a great stop along the travel from Samarkand to Termez by car. You can visit Ak-Saray Palace, Mausoleum of Jakhongir, son of Amir Timur, as the remains of the Dor-us Siyodat complex, the tomb intended for Amir Timur but never used by him, as well as Dorut Tilavat ensabmble with Kok-Gumbaz Mosque.

Ak-Saray Palace, the “White Palace”, Timurs’ Summer Palace was planned as the most grandiose of all Timur's constructions. It was started in 1380 by artisans deported by Timur from the recently conquered Khorasm. Unfortunately, only parts of its gigantic 65 m gate-towers survive, with blue, white and gold mosaics.

Majestic statue of Amir Timur with his never used Ak-Saray palace behind him.

Mausoleum of Jakhongir, son of Amir Timur, is what remians from the Dor-us Siyodat complex that was destroyed in XVI century by Abdullakhan II .

Termez (day 17)

Termez is located at the southermost tip of Uzbekistan, surrounded by borders with Turkemistan, Afganistan, and Tajikistan. It is notable as the site of Alexander the Great's city Kamyr Tepa, Alexandria on the Oxus (today’s Amu Darya river), as a center of Early Buddhism through which this religion was spread from India to Eastern Asia, as a site of Muslim pilgrimage, and as a base of Soviet Union military operations in Afghanistan, accessible via the nearby Hairatan border crossing over the “Friendship bridge”, today not accessible unless you cross border.

April 24: on the way from north we stop in Kamyr Tepa, Alexandria on the Oxus .

April 25: Early start at the Buddha's stupa  Zurmala Tower, Kara Tepe and Fayaz Tepe Buddhist monasteries. Mausoleum of Al-Hakim at-Termezi, who was theorist of Islamic misticism and the founder of the dervishes order is a famous pilgrimage site right next to the Old Termez ruins mostly non accessable.  Kyr-Kyz (40 girls) fortress, Kokildor-Ota Khanaka, Sultan Saodat Ensemble and finally amazing Arecheological Museum. My night flight to Termez was cancelled without notice and I got an incredible 700 km overnigt taxi for about 50$.

Sunset stop at Kamyr Tepa, founded in the 4th century BC,.Macedonian, Graeco-Bactrian, and Kushan finds point to a Golden Age in the first and second centuries AD, under the rule of Kanishka. It is a possible location the Alexandria on the Oxus, city founded where Alexander the Great crossed the river Ox (today Amy Darya) in his hunt after Bessus, who proclaimed himself king of Persia. Totally impressive sight.

Dagoba (a domed shrine for sacred relics) at the Buddhist monastery of Fayaz Tepa is 3 m high and dates back to 1st cent AD.

Stupa  Zurmala Tower is 12 m high. It was built in the Kushan era (1-2 centuries BC), when Buddhism was ruling religion in the Central Asian region.

Kara Tepe rock cut Buddhist monsatery. The foundations date to the 1st century AD, with a peak of activity around the 3rd and 4th centuries during the Kushan period, before experiencing a fatal decline around the 5th century CE.

Reconstructed tombstone "Sagana" of Al-Hakim at-Termezi, IX century scholar, founder of the dervish order "Hakimia" Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bini Ali Hakim at-Termizi, revered as the spiritual patron of the ancient city.

Tashkent (day 18)

I arrived to Tashkent after a long 700 km night taxi drive. Yes, in Uzbekistan with cheap gas it is possible, when they cancel your flight without any notice… after shower and breakfast, full day immersion to see the city and then taking a night flight back home…

April 26: I start at Chorsu Bazaar and at a neraby mediaval Ko'kaldosh Madrasasi I meet my guide. We rush to Central Asian Plov Centre to see plov preparation before lunch time. White Mosque, Hazrati Imam Complex , guided tour at the State Museum of the History of Uzebkistan. Then I continue alone in the Applied Art Museum,   State Museum of Art, Tashkent subway and a walk through the Amir Timur square to close it all.

Chorsu bazaar is a huge circular structure where you can shop for all kind of Uzbek delicacies.

In the Central Asian Plov Centre you can watch preparation of the Uzbek national dish plov in enormous pots. You should not miss to taste it as well!

Beautiful statue of Buddha and two monks from Fayaz Tepa near Termez located now in the State Museum of the History of Uzebkistan in Tashkent.

Alisher Navoy metro station is a beautiful example of the Soviet style subway. Try to see also other stations as Kosmonavtlar or Pakhatakor.

Hazrati Imam Complex with the view on the mosque holding the world famous Quran of Caliph Uthman - Ottoman. The Ottoman Koran, consisting of 353 parchment sheets of very large size, is the primary source of Islam holy book that was written in the middle of VII century.

A copy of astonishing murals from 6/7th century AD from Varaxsha in the Bukhara region is one example of items to admire in the State Museum of the History of Uzebkistan.